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| definition | Air in motion relative to the surface of the Earth. Since vertical components of atmospheric motion are relatively small especially near the surface of the Earth, meteorologists use the term to denote almost exclusively the horizontal (wind) component. Vertical winds are always identified as such. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERE original | |
| definition | In meteorology, atmospheric (wind) motions that are predominently vertical, resulting in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric properties. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | Convergence is a distribution of wind movement that results in a net inflow of air into a particular region. Divergence is a distribution of wind movement that results in a net outflow of air from an area. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | A parameter of two-dimensional, nondivergent (wind) flow, the value of which is constant along each streamline. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | The wind measured at a surface observing station. | |||
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| definition | A state of fluid flow in which the instantaneous (wind) velocities exhibit irregular and apparently random fluxuations so that in practice only statistical properties can be recognized and subjected to analysis. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | Generally, the wind speeds and directions at various levels in the atmosphere above the domain of surface weather observations, as determined by any of the methods of winds-aloft observation. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original | |||
| definition | The component of wind motion rising perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | Measure of the rotational spin about an axis at some point within a fluid (or wind field). |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | A figure used to express the cooling effect of the combination of particular temperatures and air speed on exposed human skin. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | A sudden variation in the vector of wind flow that is especially dangerous to aircraft during takeoff and landing. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | The drag or tangential force per unit area exerted upon the earth's surface by moving air in the surface boundary layer. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | The character and amount of atmospheric wind change for a three-hour or other specified period ending at the time of observation. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | Winds experienced by an aircraft during flight level at any altitude. | |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | The vertical (or horizontal) representation of the distribution of winds, usually measured by remote sensing satellites and aircraft or wind profiling radars. | |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | 1. The layer of fluid near a boundary that is affected by friction against that boundary surface, and possibly by transport of heat and other variables (such as winds) across that surface. In meteorology, this is the atmospheric boundary layer. 2. In a physical or mathematical system, a region over which some property or term in the equations varies rapidly, that is, over its full range; conversely, a region outside of which certain terms may be neglected. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC WINDS original |
| definition | Conifers are pollen- and seed-bearing plants of the dominant group of gymnosperms; mostly evergreen, woody trees and shrubs with needle-like or scale-like leaves. |
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| definition | Pertaining to the measurement of force per unit area exerted on water by the overlying column of water. |
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| definition | The force per unit area exerted by the overlying atmosphere on a point at mean sea level, either measured directly or calculated from an observed air pressure not at mean sea level. |
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| broader | OCEAN PRESSURE original |
| definition | The force exerted per unit area by the overlying column of water. | |
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| broader | OCEAN PRESSURE original |
| definition | These particles include atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles, made up of quarks), as well as other particles such as photons and neutrinos which are produced copiously in the sun. However, most of the particles that have been discovered and studied are not encountered under normal earth conditions; they are produced in cosmic rays and during scattering processes in particle accelerators. |
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| broader | SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE FLUX original |
| definition | Solar energetic particles are high energy particles occasionally emitted from active areas on the Sun, associated with solar flares and coronal mass ejections. The Earth¿s magnetic field keeps them out of regions close to Earth (except for the polar caps) but they can pose a hazard to space travelers far from Earth. Solar energetic particles are somtimes referred to as solar cosmic rays. |
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| definition | A pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth. The term “biogeochemical” tells us that biological; geological and chemical factors are all involved. On the other hand the circulation of chemical nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and water etc. through the biological and physical world are known as biogeochemical cycle. | |||||||
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| definition | Pertaining to the study of the chemical composition of the various phases of the earth, and the physical and chemical processes which have produced the observed distribution of the elements and the nuclides in these phases. | |||||||||
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| definition | The basic facilities and equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area. | |||||||||||||
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| broader | HUMAN DIMENSIONS original | |||||||||||||
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| broader | e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | A fabric or edifice that is constructed, such as a house, church, etc. | |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| definition | Connections allowing access between persons or places. | |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| definition | Any human constructions which constitute a prominent aspect of the land. | |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| definition | Associated with the use, production, or transmission of electric power. | |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| definition | Any system of pipes used to transport liquids or gases. | |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| definition | The roads and equipment necessary for the movement of goods or passengers. |
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| broader | INFRASTRUCTURE original |
| broader | EVEN-TOED UNGULATES original |
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| broader | MAMMALS original | |||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the measurement and analysis of ancient tree rings to determine environmental conditions during that tree's lifetime and extrapolate that to climatic conditions. The study of tree rings related to past climate conditions is called dendroclimatology. Variations in tree ring widths from year to year are recognized as an important source of chronological and climatic information. The width of a tree ring is a function of many variables including tree species, age, availability of stored food within the tree, soil nutrients, and climatic factors such as precipitation, sunshine temperature, winds and humidity. |
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| broader | LAND RECORDS original |
| definition | Non-marine geological information pertinent to paleoclimatology consists of all continental sedimentary records including loess,volcanic deposits, glaciation, spelothems, tree ring, pollen, and other land-based records. |
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| broader | ARTHROPODS original | |||
| definition | The phylum Arthropods possesses an exoskeleton, the arrangement of hardened plates and tubular sections found in the outer covering or cuticle of the body. |
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| broader | ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES original | |||||||||
| definition | Arachnids are arthropods with a body divided into an anterior and posterior part. The posterior section contains four pairs of legs. Arachnids are almost entirely terrestrial and mainly free living. |
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| broader | CHELICERATES original |
| definition | The ice edge is the demarcation at any given time between open water and the sea (can also refer to river and lake ice) whether fast or drifting. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. | |
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| broader | OCEAN CHEMISTRY original |
| definition | Scientific field of study pertaining to the composition and properties of seawater. Variables include concentrations of seawater's constituent materials. For variables pertaining to seawater salinity, see the Term <a href="SALINITYDENSITY.html">Salinity/Density</a>. |
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The measurement of the heat flux or heat loss from open ocean areas within the sea ice pack is important for the study of energy balance in the polar regions and local and regional climatology. Heat loss through the open water is 100 times more than through thick ice. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Ice that has been squeezed together, and in places, forced upwards and downwards. Some subdivisions of deformed ice are rafted ice, ridged ice, and hummocked ice. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Ice depth or thickness refers to the extent of the ice below the surface of the water. The term is also used in river and lake ice studies. Remote sensing techniques (particularly radar and microwave) have been used to estimate ice thickness as have recently declassified submarine measurements of polar ice thickness. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The minimum or maximum length of the ice or ice edge into the open water. Also refers to the extent of the ice pack into the open ocean (which varies seasonally). |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Floe refers to any relatively flat piece of ice 20 m or more across. Floes are subdivided according to horizontal extent: small, medium, big, vast, giant. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Melt of the ice can occur at various stages: puddle, thaw holes, dried ice, rotten ice, flodded ice, and frozen puddle. Developing sea ice (or growth) takes on the following stages: New Ice, Youg Ice, First-Year Ice, Old Ice. Lake Ice development goes through the following stages: New Lake Ice, Thin Lake Ice, Medium Lake Ice, Thick Lake Ice, and Very Thick Lake Ice. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The small-scale variation in the relief of the terrain surface (in this case the surface of the ice). Remote sensing instruments, such as radar and microwave sensors, have been able to detect the degree of roughness of sea, lake, and river ice. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Measurements of the temperature of the sea ice and surrounding sea surface temperature. These measurements are usually obtained from remote sensing satellites. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Ice Types is a general term applied to sea, river, and lake ice to describe attributes such as age, stage of development or growth, or surface feature. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | A piece of ice that has broken off from the end of a glacier that terminates in water. Only about 10 percent of its mass is above the surface of the water. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface vessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also important in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in local and regional climatology. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Pack ice refers to high concentrations of sea ice. When concentrations are 60% or less, then the term drift ice is used. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or be covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these as skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of the polar ocean and local and regional climatology. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The reflectance properties of ice bodies. A smooth ice surface will act as a near-specular reflector. As surface roughness increases, the reflection becomes diffuse. It is the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiation to that of the incident radiation on a surface. The suffix (-ance) implies a property of that particular specimen surface. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The age of the sea ice is usually a distinction between first-year and multiyear ice. Multiyear sea ice is usually thicker, has more ridges, and can be more of a hinderance to ship travel than first-year ice. Microwave remote sensing studies have shown that first-year sea ice has a higher emissivity at the 1.55 cm wavelength than multiyear ice, thus making it possible to distinguish between different ice ages from satellites. Ice age can also be qualitatively determined using visible, infrared and radar wavelengths from satellites. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Refers to the movement and direction of ice fields or floes. Ice motion processes include: diverging, compacting, and shearing. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The ratio of the area of the water surface covered by ice as a fraction of the whole area. Sea ice concentration has been monitored by polar orbiting satellites at all wavelengths. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The melting of snow on top of the sea ice. Yearly snow melt on sea ice can be derived from remote sensing satellites such as Nimbus-7 SMMR and SSM/I on the DMSP satellites. Snow melt onset is defined as the point in time when microwave brightness temperatures increase sharply due to the presence of liquid water in the snowpack. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Pertaining to the thickness of snow pack throughout the year. | |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Pertains to the measurement of the surface height of the sea ice. In particular, sea ice elevation is measured by the radar altimeter on board the NASA IceSat satellite. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | How salty the water is. Brine has a very high salinity. Fresh water has a salinity of zero. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Isotopes are a form of an element with a certain number of neutrons, for example carbon exists in three isotopes: C12, C13, and C14. Some isotopes are naturally unstable and spontaneously decay at a fixed rate; other isotopes are stable. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Nitrogen (N) is the most abundant constituent of the atmosphere (78.09%). Nitrogen enters the atmosphere from volcanoes, and from the decay of organic matter. It is removed from the atmosphere by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen compounds are very reactive and play integral roles in the production and destruction of ozone in the atmosphere. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY original | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Measurements of chemical constituents in the atmosphere including the major (non-H2O) greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, CFC, N2O). |
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| definition | Ammonia (NH3) is a reduced nitrogen gas and is emitted in large quantities from animal feedstocks, sewerage plants, etc. Ammonia is very soluble in water and is scavenged from the lower atmosphere by clouds. Ammonia is the most abundant alkaline gas in the atmosphere and plays a large role in neutralizing acidity from sulfuric and nitric acids via formation of the ammonium ion. |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) is formed from the reaction of the nitrate radical with nitrogen dioxide. Higher in the atmosphere N2O5 is an effective reservoir for active nitrogen. |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a corrosive, non-volatile, inorganic acid. It is formed by the conversion of nitrogen oxide into nitrogen dioxide, and then into nitric acid, which is highly water soluble. This solubility allows easy removal of nitric acid from the troposphere into rain - commonly referred to as acid rain. Nitric acid has a relatively low concentration in the atmosphere but provides an important role in the production of sulfuric acid by acting as a catalyst in the conversion of sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. [T.E Graedel and Paul J. Crutzen. Atmospheric Change: An Earth System Perspective. WH Freeman and Co, NY.1993.] |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas, the most common form of nitrogen emitted into the atmosphere, either by fuel combustion or due to natural emissions. Nitric oxide is interconverted with nitrogen dioxide fairly readily in the atmosphere, resulting in catalytic cycles leading to ozone formation in the troposphere and ozone loss in the stratosphere. |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Nitrogen (N2) is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas which makes up 78.1% of the atmosphere. Atmospheric nitrogen is converted by nitrogen fixation and nitrification into compounds used by plants and animals. In the far upper atmosphere, N2 is broken down when large numbers of energetic secondary electrons are produced and available to react with the N2. This leads to the eventual production of NO. (Crutzen, Paul J. and T.E. Graedel, Atmospheric Change. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 147.) (Webster's New World Dictionary. Prentice Hall, New York, 918.) |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | A reddish-brown, highly poisonous gas, with the chemical formula NO2. | |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Nitrogen Oxides - NOx (pronounced "nox") are produced from high temperature combustion in air. They are nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide. [Science News; v146; 260-262; 1994] [Science; v242;555-558;1988.] |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a by-product of biological activity of a symbiotic bacteria living in leguminous plant roots. This is a principal greenhouse gas that absorbs in the infrared wavelength region and unfortunately falls in an IR "window" between IR absorbing features of water and carbon dioxide (a characteristic of all the "trace" greenhouse gases with significant radiative forcing). It is also laughing gas used by medicine as a gentle general anesthetic. [Nature;v335;528-529;1988] [Atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen oxides;George Hidy;p13;1986;Academic press; New York] |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
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| broader | NITROGEN COMPOUNDS original |
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| definition | In general, solar radiation received at the earth's surface. The amount of direct solar radiation incident upon a unit horizontal surface at a specific level on or above the surface of the earth. Incoming solar radiation is solar radition that has not been scattered or absorbed. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION original |
| definition | Radiation budget refers to the difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the net infrared radiation. The radiation budget takes into account the sum of all radiation, transferred in all directions, through the Earth's atmosphere and to and from space. The radiation budget (or radiation balance) controls the Earth's temperature and rainfall. |
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| definition | Areas in which vegetation is dominated by trees with their crowns overlapping, generally forming 60 - 100% cover. |
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| broader | TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS original |
| definition | The dry land environment in which the life needs of a plant or animal are supplied. |
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| broader | 91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the reduction of a glacier due to melting and/or evaporation. |
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| broader | GLACIERS/ICE SHEETS original |
| definition | Glaciers are masses of land ice, formed by the further recrystallization of firn, flowing continuously from higher to lower elevations. Ice sheets are a continuous sheet of land ice that covers a very large area and moves outward in many directions. This type of ice mass is so thick as to mask the land surface contours, in contrast to the smaller and thinner highland ice. The continental glacier of Greenland is sometimes called the Inland Ice. This term is often used to describe the great ice masses that characterized the ice ages. |
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| broader | fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The Palmer Index or the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is an index formulated by Palmer (1965) and compares the actual amount of precipitation received in an area during a specified period with the normal or average amount expected during that same period. <P> The PDSI is based on a procedure of hydrologic or water balance accounting by which excesses or deficiences in moisture are determined in relation to average climatic values. |
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| broader | f50672b3-13d8-4206-b6c9-a1f9891ea470 original |
| definition | An elongated mound of sand formed by wind or water. | |
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| broader | COASTAL PROCESSES original |
| definition | Scientific field of study of the land environment immediately affected by marine processes. Includes variables pertaining to both coastal features and the processes that affect them. |
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| definition | Pertaining to the measurement of the Earth's magnetic field through the world's oceans to detect variances in the oceanic crust. |
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| broader | MARINE GEOPHYSICS original |
| definition | Scientific field of study pertaining to the physics of the oceanic crust and ocean-inundated continental crust. Variables include marine morphological features, geophysical processes of the marine environment, and geophysical measurements of the marine environment. |
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| definition | The distinguishing attribute or characteristic of water. | |||
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| definition | Intrusion of or contact with undesirable elements from an outside source that affect the water quality of the ocean. |
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| broader | WATER QUALITY original |
| definition | Any fracture or passage-way through ice which is navigable by surface vessels. Leads and other open water areas within the sea ice pack are also important in studies of the energy budget in the polar regions and in local and regional climatology. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | Pertaining to the study of frozen seawater over the ocean surface. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Any non-linear shaped opening enclosed by ice. May contain brash ice and/or be covered with new ice, nilas or young ice; sub-mariners refer to these as skylights. Polynyas are important in the study of the energy budget of the polar ocean and local and regional climatology. |
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| broader | SEA ICE original |
| definition | The mass of dry soil per unit of bulk volume, including the air space. | |
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| broader | SOILS original |
| definition | The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow. |
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| definition | A long-period (usually 15-60 minutes) wave caused by a large-scale movement of the sea floor, from a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake, or landslide although usually barely noticeable at sea, its velocity may be as high as 400 knots, so that it travels great distances and in shoal water may reach heights of around 15 meters. |
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| broader | MARINE ADVISORIES original |
| definition | Reports providing information on changes in environmental factors including warnings of potential threat to life, property, resources, and/or the environment arising from hazards in and around navigable water. |
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| definition | The greatest distance from an observer that a prominent object of known characteristics can be seen and unidentified by unaided, normal eyes. |
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| broader | AIR QUALITY original |
| definition | The study of air pollutants in the atmosphere. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | ATMOSPHERE original | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Services that provide a list of publications and resources by author, subject, or publisher. |
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| broader | REFERENCE AND INFORMATION SERVICES original | |||||||
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| broader | 894f9116-ae3c-40b6-981d-5113de961710 original | |||||||||||||||
| definition | A computerized file consisting of electronic entries or records, each of which represents a document or bibliographic item retrievable by author, title, subject heading (descriptor), or keywords. Although some bibliographic databases are general in scope and coverage, most are indexes and abstracting services which provide access to the literature of a specific field or discipline. |
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| broader | BIBLIOGRAPHIC original |
| definition | Online directories of scientific researchers. | |
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| broader | BIBLIOGRAPHIC original |
| definition | Online directories of scientific organizations. | |
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| broader | BIBLIOGRAPHIC original |
| definition | Oxygen (O2) is found on Earth as a gas and constitutes about 20.8% of the air we breathe. Elemental molecular oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms bonded together. A photochemical reaction of oxygen is (ultimately) responsible for the production of ozone in the stratosphere. Oxygen concentrations found in ice core samples have been used to determine past atmospheric levels of oxygen and helped in determining past climates. [Nature; v351; 217-219; 1991.] [Nature; v365; 143-147; 1993.] |
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| broader | OXYGEN COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Oxygen (O) (and molecular oxygen (O2)) is the second most abundant species in the atmosphere. The abundance of O2 remains fairly constant in the atmosphere up to about 80km where it photodissociates to atomic oxygen. Atomic oxygen is formed from the photolysis of molecular oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. Below about 40 km, atomic oxygen recombines with O2 to form ozone. Above 40 km, oxygen can participate in other chemical reactions that cause the destruction of ozone. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY original | |||||
| definition | "Macrobiota" is a general term for the larger soil organisms. Macrofauna, in particular, refers to burrowing vertebrate animals, but may include larger insects and earhworms. |
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| broader | SOILS original |
| definition | One of the major greenhouse gases. Human-generated carbon dioxide is caused mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO2. Long-term measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere are conducted at Manua Loa, Hawaii and several international monitoring stations around the world. |
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| broader | WATER QUALITY/WATER CHEMISTRY original |
| definition | Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a particular use. Water chemistry refers to the chemical characteristics of water. |
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| broader | 885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The class Mammals are warm-blooded craniates with glandular skin which is typically hairy; Young are fed on milk secreted by mammary glands. Mammals are mostly terrestrial in all habitats from forest to desert, but some fly and some inhabit freshwater or the sea. |
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| broader | EVEN-TOED UNGULATES original |
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| broader | EVEN-TOED UNGULATES original |
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| definition | The number of particles present per unit volume (typically a cubic centimeter). | |
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| broader | SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE PROPERTIES original |
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| broader | 57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b original | |||||||||||||||
| definition | Areas containing available sources of wealth, including cultural heritage resources, recreation features, range developments, or any other feature similarly designated. | |
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| broader | LAND USE/LAND COVER original |
| definition | The observed physical cover and natural use of the land including the vegetation and human construction, which covers the earth's surface. | |||||||||
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| broader | 6a426480-c58f-4b6b-8e35-0975b7f6edb5 original | |||||||||
| definition | Reformatting services are defined as Data Handling Services that allow for the alteration of the structure of an Earth science data set so as to make the data set accessible for use by a product or service for which it was not originally compatible. EXAMPLES: Binary to ASCII, HDF to CDF. | |
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| broader | DATA INTEROPERABILITY original |
| definition | Interoperability is the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. | |||
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| broader | 02d92216-70c6-437c-8c15-2b76f2132921 original | |||
| definition | Of, or pertaining to, the outer perimeter of a glacier, particularly to the fringe areas surrounding the great continental glaciers of the geologic ice ages. Thus, periglacial weathering is said to have produced certain characteristic land forms. |
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| broader | FROZEN GROUND original |
| definition | Soil within which the moisture has predominantly changed to ice, the unfrozen portion being in vapor phase. Ice within the soil bonds (adfreezes) adjacent soil particles and renders frozen ground very hard. Permanently frozen ground is called permafrost. Dry frozen ground is relatively loose and crumbly because of the lack of bonding ice. Frozen ground is sometimes inadvisedly called frost or ground frost. |
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| broader | fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80 original | |||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The long, continuous mountain chain found in all oceans; ocean crust is created by the process of sea-floor spreading at its crest. |
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| broader | MARINE VOLCANISM original |
| definition | The set of geological processes within the ocean that result in the volcanic expulsions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide at the Earth's surface through vents. |
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||
| broader | CARNIVORES original |
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| broader | MAMMALS original | |||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the extent, depth, and other characteristics of frozen subsoil located in arctic/subarctic areas |
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| broader | SNOW/ICE original |
| definition | Pertaining to the study of frozen water over the Earth's surface. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | fa0a36c3-2503-4662-98cd-7f3e74ce9f80 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the areas of the oceanic crust where the remnant magnetic signature is different than that of the Earth's magnetic field. |
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| broader | MARINE GEOPHYSICS original |
| definition | Describes characteristics of volcanoes: a mountain formed by the accumulation of magma extruded through openings or volcanic vents. |
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| broader | e9f67a66-e9fc-435c-b720-ae32a2c3d8f5 original | |||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the processes involved in the extrusion of magma at the Earth's surface, these can include: eruption induced seismic activity, lahars, ash flows/clouds, etc. |
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| broader | VOLCANIC ACTIVITY original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The composition and texture of molten rock outside of the Earth's crust. | |
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| broader | ERUPTION DYNAMICS original |
| definition | The composition and texture of molten rock in the earth's crust. | |
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| broader | ERUPTION DYNAMICS original |
| definition | The composition and texture of pyroclastic particles. | |
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| broader | ERUPTION DYNAMICS original |
| definition | The matter and/or chemicals which constitutes ash/dust. | |
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| broader | ERUPTION DYNAMICS original |
| definition | Pertaining to the composition, extent, velocity, and damage caused by gases emitted during a volcanic eruption. |
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| broader | ERUPTION DYNAMICS original |
| broader | ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES original |
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| definition | Invertebrates are animals lacking a backbone, or without bones. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | fbec5145-79e6-4ed0-a804-6228aa6daba5 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| broader | CEPHALOPODS original |
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| broader | d85c386f-e4f7-4e1c-a16e-34dbb12bb2be original | |||
| definition | Measurements related to any deviation from a normal state of health in animals which temporarily or permanently impairs vital functions. It may be caused by insect pests, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, parasites, poor nutrition congenital or inherent deficiencies, unfavorable environment, or any combination of these, and related pests. |
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| broader | ANIMAL SCIENCE original |
| definition | The branch of agriculture that deals with animals, including livestock, poultry, bees, and silk worms. |
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| broader | a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e original | |||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The processes involved in the replenishment of water to the zone of saturation. |
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| broader | SURFACE WATER original |
| definition | Pertains to all water present above the substrate or soil surface including water contained in an ocean, river, stream, lake, pond, lagoon, or impoundment reservoir. |
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| broader | 885735f3-121e-4ca0-ac8b-f37dbc972f03 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Also called Pressure Altitude. Barometric Altitude is the altitude which corresponds to a given value of atmospheric pressure according to the ICAO standard atmosphere. It is the indicated altitude of a pressure altimeter at an altimeter setting of 29.92 inches of mercury (1013.2 mb); therefore it is the indicated altitude above the 1013.2 mb constant-pressure surface. RT |
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| broader | ALTITUDE original |
| definition | A measure of height, especially of great height, as a mountain top or aircraft flight level. In meteorology, altitude is used almost exclusively with respect to the height of an airborne object above the earth's surface, above a constant pressure surface, or above mean sea level. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERE original | |||||||||||||||
| definition | Geomagnetic indices are an indicator of geomagntic activity caused by solar events. Typical geomagntic indices are: a, A, Ap, Dst, K, and Kp. The A-index, for example, is a daily average composed of 3-hour data points. Geomagnetic indices can be used in conjunction with solar"wind" data to predict the onset and intensity of geomagnetic storms. |
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| broader | IONOSPHERE/MAGNETOSPHERE DYNAMICS original |
| definition | Refers to dynamic processess of the Earth's ionosphere and solar magnetosphere triggered by solar events. The magnetosphere is the magnetic cavity surrounding the earth, carved out of the passing solar wind by virtue of the geomagnetic field, which prevents, or at least impedes, the direct entry of the solar wind plasma into the cavity. The ionosphere is the region of the earth's upper atmosphere containing a small percentage of free electrons and ions produced by photoionization of the constituents of the atmosphere by solar ultraviolet radiation at very short wavelengths (l.t.1000 angstroms). The ionosphere significantly influences radiowave propagation of frequencies less than about 30 MHz. |
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| broader | 57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b original | |||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Petroleum is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. | |||||
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| broader | EARTH GASES/LIQUIDS original | |||||
| definition | Properties and characteristics related to the gases and liquids within the solid earth. | |||||||||
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| broader | SOLID EARTH original | |||||||||
| definition | Microfossils are the tiny remains of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, and plants.
Microfossils are a heterogeneous bunch of fossil remains studied as a single discipline
because rock samples must be processed in certain ways to remove them and microscopes
must be used to study them. Thus, microfossils, unlike other kinds of fossils, are
not grouped according to their relationships to one another, but only because of their
generally small size and methods of study. For example, fossils of bacteria, foraminifera,
diatoms, very small invertebrate shells or skeletons, pollen, and tiny bones and teeth
of large vertebrates, among others, can be called microfossils. But it is an unnatural
grouping. Nevertheless, this utilitarian subdivision of paleontology, first recognized
in 1883, is very significant in geology, paleontology, and biology. Microfossils have many applications to petroleum geology (Fleisher and Lane, in press, Ventress, 1991, LeRoy, 1977). The two most common uses are: biostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental analyses. Biostratigraphy is the differentiation of rock units based upon the fossils which they contain. Paleoenvironmental analysis is the interpretation of the depositional environment in which the rock unit formed, based upon the fossils found within the unit. There are many other uses of fossils besides these, including: paleoclimatology, biogeography, and thermal maturation. |
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| broader | PETROLEUM original |
| definition | The formation of deserts in arid and semi-arid regions from overgrazing, deforestation, poor agricultural practices, and climate change. Evidence of desertification can be found today in Africa, the Middle East, and the southwestern United States. | |
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| broader | HABITAT CONVERSION/FRAGMENTATION original |
| definition | The change of land quality, for example through land transformation or intensification
of land use. Common reasons for habitat conversion are deforestation/reforestation,
suburbanization, corridor construction, desertification and agricultural intensification,
e.g. wetland drainage, irrigation or degradation due to overgrazing. |
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| broader | HUMAN DIMENSIONS original | |||||||||||||||
| definition | A considerable body of inland water containing large quantities of salt. | |
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| broader | LAKES original |
| definition | A considerable inland body of standing water. | |||
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| broader | c6455081-132d-4661-bb5f-22edf2f90800 original | |||
| definition | A nonmetallic element, with chemical symbol C, found combined with other elements in all organic matter and in a pure state as diamond or graphite. |
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| broader | OCEAN CHEMISTRY original |
| definition | Services to define a service chain and enable it to be executed by the workflow enactment service; may also provide a chain validation service. This is also known as Web Service Chaining. | |
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| broader | DATA APPLICATION SERVICES original |
| definition | Services that are designed to support Clients, especially thin client software such as web browsers. That is, these Application Services are designed for use by clients instead of each client directly performing these often-needed support functions. The services in the Application Services tier are used by Clients, and can use other services in the Application Services, Processing Services, and Information Management Services tiers. | |||||||||||||||||
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| broader | 1d550f3a-1c8c-4ef5-beff-74cfe7794f12 original | |||||||||||||||||
| definition | Measurement of water density taking water's compressibility into account, provided no heat exchange of the water sample with its surroundings. This is important because of the potential temperature change of water at varying levels of pressure. That is, under high pressure, water is warmer (less potentially dense) than that same sample of water at low pressure (lower potential temperature and thus more potentially dense). |
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| broader | SALINITY/DENSITY original |
| definition | The total amount of dissolved material in water and its effect on water's mass-to-volume ratio. Scientific measurements related to either salinity or density are included under this Term. |
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||||||||
| broader | FLAGELLATES original |
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| definition | Flagellates are free-living predators and parasites bearing one to several flagella. The free-living types abound in freshwater or marine habitats. Parasitic types live in the moist tissues of plants and animals, including humans. |
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| broader | 6a2a2417-1a9c-4767-bffd-6b99f9747bab original | |||||||
| definition | The entry of water into soil. Also, the infiltration flux is the volume of water entering a specified cross-sectional area of soil per unit time [L t-1]. |
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| broader | SOILS original |
| definition | The range of dynamic natural bodies composed of mineral and organic materials and living forms in which plants grow. |
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| broader | a956d045-3b12-441c-8a18-fac7d33b2b4e original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | The application of the principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with the behavior and nature of soils, sediments, and other unconsolidated accumulations. |
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| broader | SOILS original |
| definition | Wind in the general atmospheric circulation, typified by a seasonal persistent wind direction and by a pronounced change in direction from one season to another. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA original |
| definition | The study of significant weather events. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | ATMOSPHERE original | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is released by bacteria on the continents and in the oceans. Oxidized in the marine atmosphere to partially form cloud condensation nuclei and this may effect the formation of clouds over the oceans. [Nature; v326, 655, 1987.] [Nature; v237, 452, 1972.] |
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| broader | SULFUR COMPOUNDS original |
| definition | Sulfur is the fourteenth most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Sulfur is consistently exchanged between the lithosphere, biopsphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Sulfur in the atmosphere, in both gaseous and aerosol form, has imapcts on regional and global chemistry, climate change, and the health of living organisms. Sulfur gases can also affect stratospheric chemistry. Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and volcanic emissions may affect Earth's radiation budget and climate as well as ozone destriction in the stratosphere. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY original | |||||||||||
| definition | The North Pacific Index is the area-weighted sea level pressure over the region 30N-65N, 160E-140W. |
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| broader | TELECONNECTIONS original | |||
| definition | A linkage between weather changes occuring in widely seperated regions of the globe. The term "teleconnections" is most commonly applied to variability on monthly or longer timescales and refers to the fact that such correlations suggest that information is propagating between distant points through the atmosphere. |
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| broader | 5273c8c2-d30b-4666-b2d5-0388ce2741d0 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the ratio between the volume of snow, and the amount of meltwater derived from that volume of snow. |
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| broader | SNOW/ICE original |
| definition | Elements that constitute 1 to 0.1 wt. % of a rock as determined in a chemical analysis. |
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| broader | da22144c-634d-4007-aba9-e636a9f2fa3f original |
| definition | The degree to which Aerosols prevent light from passing through. Optical depth/thickness depends upon the physical constitution ,the form, and the concentration of particles. |
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| broader | AEROSOLS original | |||
| definition | Suspension of particles of condensed matter (liquid, solid, or mixed) in a carrier gas (usually air). Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation of water droplets and ice crystals, as participants in various chemical cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby influencing the radiation budget of the earth-atmosphere system, which in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth. |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERE original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Aerosol Angstrom Coefficient is an exponent that expresses the spectral dependence
of aerosol optical thickness (τ) with the wavelength of incident light (λ). The spectral dependence of aerosol optical thickness can be approximated (depending on size distribution) by, τa = β λα where α is Angstrom exponent (β = aerosol optical thickness at 1 μm) Angstrom exponent (computed from τ measurements on two different wavelengths) can be used to find τ on another wavelength using the relation. The Angstrom exponent provides additional information on the particle size (larger the exponent, the smaller the particle size), aerosol phase function and the relative magnitude of aerosol radiances at different wavelengths. |
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| broader | AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH/THICKNESS original |
| definition | A process by which incident radiation is taken into a body and retained without reflection or transmission. It increases either the internal or the kinetic energy of the molecules or atoms composing the absorbing medium. |
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| broader | OCEAN OPTICS original |
| definition | Scientific field of study of light in the oceans. Variables include measurable characteristics of underwater light. |
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the angle, expressed in degrees east or west, to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north. | |
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| broader | 204b482b-449b-42c9-a5bb-f6da42bee3a4 original |
| definition | The magnetism of the earth. Also known as terrestrial magnetism. | |||||||||||||
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| broader | SOLID EARTH original | |||||||||||||
| definition | Dominant Species are recognized by their numerical abundance or biomass and are usually defined separately for each trophic level. |
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| broader | VEGETATION original |
| definition | Vegetation, as used, here are types of plants and vegetation structures. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | 91c64c46-d040-4daa-b26c-61952fdfaf50 original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | FLAGELLATES original | |||
| definition | Coccolithophores are extremely small, flagellated organisms of the Kingdom Protista, which are adorned with buttons of calcium carbonate, called coccoliths. The coccolithophores appear to contribute significantly to marine food chains by capturing radiant energy and manufacturing food during photosynthesis. The coccolithophores make up a considerable portion of the microscopic life in warmer regions, such as the Sargasso Sea. |
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| broader | HAPTOPHYTES original |
| definition | Pertaining to the composition, texture, formation, location, extent, etc. of rocks formed through sedimentary processes. |
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| broader | ROCKS/MINERALS/CRYSTALS original | |||||||||||
| definition | A naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals that make up the solid earth. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | SOLID EARTH original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Trace gases in the atmosphere that do not occur in large quantities but are significant to life on Earth or are important constituents of the chemical cycles in the atmosphere. [Journal of American Hygienist Association; v54; 639-46; 1993.] [Atmospheric Environment B; v27B; 275-82; 1993.] |
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| broader | ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY original |
| broader | ANIMALS/INVERTEBRATES original |
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| broader | GYMNOSPERMS original |
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| definition | The physical process by which a liquid is transformed to the gaseous state. Evaporation also implies a loss of heat from the ocean surface and is an important term in determining the heat budget of the ocean. |
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| broader | OCEAN HEAT BUDGET original |
| definition | Study of the heat energy gains and losses of the oceans, on global or regional scales. Variables include the terms in the heat budget equation. |
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| broader | OCEANS original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Pertaining to the measurement, rates, geographical extent of freezing, and melting of snow and ice cover. |
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| broader | SNOW/ICE original |
| definition | A sudden and violent release of matter and energy within a solar activity region in the form of electromagnetic radiation, energetic particles, shock waves, lasting a few minutes to hours. Solar flares accelerate charged particles into interplanetary space. |
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| broader | SOLAR ACTIVITY original |
| definition | Any change in the sun's appearance or behavior. The sun's activity is described as being very low, low, moderate, high or very high. Solar activity changes over a period of, on average, 11 years. At solar maximum, the solar activity is high and so too the Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) radiation output which affects the ionosphere. At solar minimum, the opposite is true. |
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| broader | 57383ac5-614c-4b84-9202-e137b000422b original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| definition | Total Electron Content (TEC) is the number of free electrons in a column of the Earth's ionosphere. TEC is affected by geomagnetic storms and measurements of TEC is crucial for calibrating measurements obtained by active radar and altimeter instruments such as used on TOPEX/Poseidon. Measurements of TEC are a by-product if sea surface height measurements and TEC global ionosphere climatologies have been developed from TOPEX/Poseidon measurements. |
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| broader | SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE PROPERTIES original |
| definition | Industrial emissions are air pollution from manufacturing plants and factories. | |
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| broader | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS original |
| definition | Refers to the types of impacts that humans have on their environment. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| broader | HUMAN DIMENSIONS original | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||